02 - Conductors & Insulators

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Transcript

Chapter two conductors and insulators. The electrons of different types of atoms have different degrees of freedom to move around. With some types of materials such as metals, the outermost electrons in the atoms are so loosely bound that they cannot chaotically move in the space between the atoms of that material by nothing more than the influence of room temperature and the heat of that room temperature. Because these virtually unbound electrons are free to leave their respective atoms and float around in the space between adjacent atoms. They are off often called free electrons. These materials are known as conductors.

In other types of materials such as glass mica, porcelain, the atoms electrons have Very little freedom to move around, while external forces such as physically rubbing can force some of these electrons to leave their respective atoms, atoms on the surface and transfer to atoms of other materials, they do not move between the atoms within the material very easily. These materials are known as insulators. This relative mobility of electrons within the material is known as electric conductivity. conductivity is determined by the types of atoms in the material and how the atoms are linked together to one another. materials with high electron mobility are called conductors, some of which are listed here. Silver being at the top of the list copper, gold, aluminum, iron, steel, brass, bronze, mercury, graphite, dirty water and even concrete And the list is more extensive than this, but these are kind of at the top of the list.

Well materials with low electron mobility are called insulators, some of which are listed here glass, rubber, oil, ashphalt, air, Diamond, pure water, etc. It must be understood that not all conductive materials have the same level of conductivity. And not all insulators are equally resistance to electron motion. electrical conductivity is analogous to the transparency of certain materials to light. materials that easily conduct light are called transparent. Well, those that don't are called opaque.

However, not all transparent materials are equally conductive to light windows, window glasses better than most plastics and certainly Better than clear fiberglass. So it's with electrical conductors, it's the same thing some are better than others. For instance, silver is the best conductor in the conductors list offering easier passage for electrons than any other materials cited. dirty water and concrete are also listed as conductors, but these materials are substantially less conductive than any metals. It should also be understood that some materials experiences changes in their electrical properties under different conditions. Glass for instance, is a very good insulator at room temperature but becomes a conductor when heated to a very high temperature.

Gases such as air normally, insulating materials also become conductive. If heated to very high temperatures. Most metals become poor conductor When heated and better conductors when cooled, many conductive materials become perfectly conductive that is called Super conductivity at extremely low temperatures. So, conductors are not always conductors and insulators are not always insulator. They depend on some other factors that might influence their conductivity or their insulating properties. Remember that electrons can flow only when they have the opportunity to move in the space between the atoms of the material.

This means that there can be a electric current only where there exists a continuous path of conductive material providing a conduit for the electrons to travel through. A thin solid line, as shown here is the conventional symbol for a continuous piece of wire. Since the wire is made up of conductive materials such as copper, its constituent atoms have many free electrons which can easily move through the wire. However, there will never be a continuous or uniform flow of electrons within the wire unless they're, they have a place to come from a place to go. Let's add a hypothetical electron source and a destination. We'll talk more about that later.

But the left electron sources a source of electrons and the electron destination is a reservoir where the electrons can flow to. Now with the electron source pushing new electrons into the wire on the left side, electron flow through the wire can occur as indicated by the arrows pointing from left to right However, the flow will be interrupted if the conductive path formed by the wire is broken. Since air is an insulating material, and an air gap separates the two pieces of wire, the ones continuous path has now been broken then electrons cannot flow from the source to the destination. If we were to take another piece of wire leading to the destination, and simply make physical contact with the wire leading to the source, we would once again have a continuous path for electrons to flow. The two dots in the diagram indicate physical metal to metal contact between the wire pieces.

Now we have continuity from the source to the newly made connection down to the right and up to the destination resistors are a special kind of conductor. Let's take a closer look at what we call resistors. resistors are a special kind of conductor in that depending on their physical makeup allow only a certain amount of current to flow. They will therefore act to resist current flow. schematically, the symbol for resistor looks like a small rectangular box or a zigzag line resistors can also be shown to have varying rather than rather than fixed resistances. This might be for the purposes of describing the actual physical device designed for the purpose of providing an adjustable resistance or it could be to show some component that just happens to have an unstable resistance.

In fact, anytime you see a component symbol drawn with a diagonal arrow through it, that component has a variable rather than a fixed value. This is this symbol modifier. The diagonal arrow is a standard electronic symbol convention. This end chapter two

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